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extraterrestrial life and arachnids breathe silicon sand (part II of II)

recap a little story, we find ourselves on a planet orbiting a sun belongs to a distant galaxy , we call this planet "Flint-1." In Flint-1 does not exist an environment as green as in earth, life has been generated here has managed to work with poor and exotic chemistry. In fact, there is little liquid water, this is concentrated in small ponds that evaporate rapidly due to the intense heat of this desert rough and dry. For this desert arachnids constantly migrate in search of food. These beings have a leisurely walk due to a slow metabolism and a thick exoskeleton of minerals based on silicon chemistry (remember that in Flint-1 carbon was not the major building block of life).
In Flint-1 is an atmosphere with a small concentration of oxygen, which has formed oceans of silicone (a polymer stable silicon) which extend over large areas. In these oceans, with a consistency similar to gel water, living creatures that have adapted to these physicochemical characteristics of the medium, which sometimes fall prey to the spiders on the coasts, but the diet of spiders is based more on humans similar to plants of our planet earth. Flint-1 exist in beings called "crystals" as far look similar to quartz, which is a mineral based on silicon dioxide or silica (SiO2):

The crystals have a much more complicated due to the fact that as the sand spiders breathe , they must "breathe." That is why the crystals have acquired the ability to be moderately mobile to find nearby SiO2 also have the characteristic of being very colonial, where large groups are similar to a coral reef in the desert of Flint-1.
The crystals have had to find ways to defend themselves against predation by spiders, which is why many have extremely rigid structures, as well as various toxins that cross the structure. On the other hand, the spiders have evolved over time powerful jaws and a tuned immune system, the result of natural selection, which has been responsible for this war arms between the powerful representatives of Flint-1.
Humans have not yet been able to come to this planet, because of an unimaginable distance to our mind. However, several probes have made explorations, by which we know these superficial aspects of life on this strange planet.
Unfortunately, it appears that in these corners of the universe still no intelligent life emerges. After several failed attempts at communication, the answer is always a profound silence. It appears that silicon is not a good brick for a brain powerful, but not so, for an exciting life.
hope you liked this true work of science fiction, I am sorry to disappoint but I told them this would be more art than science, because, as concluded in the previous trial, finding life based on silicon chemistry is practically nil, even there are "biomolecules" silicon. But never mind, the imagination must be a fundamental aspect of science. I hope this brief tour of Flint-1 is at the height of the "floaters" of Jupiter by Carl Sagan.

Any comments or input, feel free to do so!

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New blog: The Pillars of Science

Welcome to my blog. From January 2011 will begin to publish news, reviews, etc. on issues that we will provide the scientific world. All this will be using a language understood by everyone in order to reach maximum number of people and power transimitir can generate enthusiasm Science.

believe that science is the mother of technology, and technology in the current lifestyle is almost a necessity, therefore, if we know a little science, we understand how it will be developing our lifestyle.

addition, this'll bring my bit to increase the dissemination of science, which I consider necessary and, in my opinion, fascinating, and thus gradually able to return everything that science is bringing me .

I hope you enjoy and colaboréis with "The Pillars of Science." See you in 2011. ---


Interested? Also follow me on Twitter .

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extraterrestrial life and arachnids exhale silicon sand (Part I of II)

now know that there are beings capable of replacing the phosphorus by arsenic in their biochemistry, however, the real building blocks of life are carbon atoms. This element is made all biomolecules such as DNA, RNA, proteins, lipids, etc. So the first question is: Why carbon has this role and no other element of the periodic table? The answer is that this element has characteristics ideal for this, such as atomic radius suitable (it is not too large, which leads to more unstable links, not too small, which leads to few electrons and a few links) its atomic number (number of protons and electrons), which allows it to bind up to 4 other atoms. Also, when you are forming molecules may possess different molecular orbital hybridizations (how electrons rearrange when atoms are linked to others), allowing you to form tetrahedra, triangles, planes, etc. This is a reflection of the various types of bonds that can form, such as single bonds, double and even triple very stable.
These, and other features that are not important now (the chemistry is a necessary evil for biologists) are those that make carbon and no other element, the main brick life. But as we said in the earlier trial, the elements of the periodic table found in the same group (column), have similar characteristics. Pay attention to the carbon group (fifth from left to right):

carbon Immediately below we have the silicon (Si), its closest chemical relative, which, unlike carbon, a nonmetal (carbon is a "non metal"). Grossly, the silicon can be used as follows:

As well described by its category, has a much more "cash" instead of carbon (no need upload a photo of this, remember a roast). However, at the atomic level, has many similar properties, such as Silicon can also link to other 4 atoms and may have some similar configurations of carbon, but ran into a first obstacle size. The silicon atoms are much larger than carbon atoms, if we make some simple calculations, we can imagine that if a carbon atom has the size of a ping-pong ball, an atom of silicon about the size of a ball villar. This is an impediment to the variety of links and the strength of these because, as silicon has more electrons, and many of these are further away from the core, are less strongly wedded to it (in technical terms, this means the electronegativity silicon is lower than that of carbon). This brings the problem that the atoms really like electrons, like oxygen, can cling tightly to this and very stable form long polymers such as silicone, which will reduce the chances of silicon to form complex biomolecules.
In summary, although theoretically the chemistry of silicon has many properties similar to carbon, this is not a good candidate to form biomolecules, and therefore, I hold the view that finding life based on the chemistry of other elements carbon is not negligible. However, let us forget a little of all these details and let fly the imagination, imagine that this is possible, how would these beings? I imagined beings who have called "spiders" of silicon. Since silicon gives us the intuitive impression of rigid structures, I imagine beings with heavy exoskeletons, like terrestrial arthropods, which would slow going, as a medieval knight in armor. Now, something interesting happens with your breathing: In our world, there is a group of people, call them "animals", which eat complex molecules based on carbon, these are the carbohydrates or just sugars. Then we use the oxygen in air to oxidize, releasing CO2 in this process, which is a gas that emanates from our nose. On the other hand, we have a group of beings that we call "plants" which use this CO2 and thanks to the power delivered by the sun, re-build these sugars for their use. These sugars are ingested by animals and thus fulfilled a cycle that is the basis of life on our planet.
But now, let's see what happens with our spiders: They eat "silica-sugars, which are oxidized by atmospheric oxygen, analogous to releasing the CO2, SiO2 or better known as" silica. " This compound is a gas, is a solid and is the main compound of the sand. So bugs that would Sandy exhale! So let's say you have a special channel in its structure, by which the sand is falling as they walk on a planet that likely would be a vast, dry desert.
These spiders need to eat "silica-sugars" from any source, similar to plants of our planet, and also I have imagined that some beings, but present them in the second part of this essay, which will be more art than science .

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NASA bacteria and arsenic: Why is this finding important? NASA announces

I think everyone expected the long-awaited news from the U.S. to have saved UFOs at Area 51, or perhaps show an interview with an alien of a distant galaxy. Unfortunately, sometimes the TV does not give us the best picture of reality, or worse, fills us with so many fantasies to show us "disappointed" with what happens in reality. This essay is to show that reality is much more exciting than the fiction of Hollywood.
Before explaining the finding, let's review the things we need to know to understand the significance of these bacteria:
living beings and any thing in the universe made of matter, are made up of atoms and molecules. All living things are mainly based on carbon chemistry of this element are made of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA), proteins, lipids and virtually all molecules of biological significance. Carbon is so vital to life than the branch of chemistry that studies of this element is called "Organic Chemistry."
But all is not only carbon, are actually 6 more chemical elements found in living things, these are: Hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), carbon (C), nitrogen (N), sulfur (S ) and phosphorus (P). These elements are quite close in the periodic table, as shown in the image:

As you can see, for biologists only the first 3 rows of the periodic table are really interesting (Rows are called periods, the columns are called groups). And that these are the elements with biological significance. Now, one of the peculiarities of the periodic table is that the elements of the same group (column) have similar properties. Thus, sulfur (S) is the nearest chemical relative of oxygen (O), silicon (Si) is a close chemical relative of carbon (C) and arsenic (As) is a close chemical relative of phosphorus ( P) (goes around in this thing, kind).
long been known that some bacteria may use sulfur instead of oxygen to "breathe", is also known to some arthropods (animals external skeletons and jointed legs, such as spiders, insects and crustaceans) and molluscs (animals like octopus and snails) can use copper instead of iron to carry oxygen through their "blood." But all these small changes did not involve a normal change in the "architecture" of animal biochemistry. I mean, DNA, RNA, proteins and lipids are exactly the same, with the same atoms arranged in the same places. One can take DNA from a monkey, a fly, a worm, a spider and a bacterium and this will always be chemically identical, its building blocks remain the same, these pieces of Lego, they are called "Nucleotides"

As you can see, each nucleotide consists of 3 main parts, the outer part have a phosphate group (a phosphorous atom bound to 4 oxygens), which serves as a support or skeleton of the molecule (not lose sight of the phosphorus (P), this is the key figure in this.) This phosphate is attached to a sugar, which in the case of DNA called "deoxyribose" and this sugar is linked to a nitrogenous base, which can be A, T, C or G (no matter the technical name now.) This alphabet of 4 letters to decide whether you'll be a human, a chimpanzee or a jellyfish.
These nucleotides are grouped in pairs and form long chains in a ladder, which is what we all know as DNA, as shown in the image:

Now for the news: Why do these bacteria that "eat" arsenic are so impressive? The answer is that they have been the first living things that can literally swap the phosphorus by arsenic in their biochemical architecture. This means, for example, that in its DNA need not have phosphates, but can use arsenate (arsenic atom with 4 oxygen atoms). They can also replace the phosphorus in proteins, lipids and many of biological molecules.
If you meditate for a moment, we realize that life is much more "cunning" than we thought, because if there is no hand bricks to build houses, no problem, you can use some things that seem a brick that can offer the same solution.
This is a slap in the face to the entire scientific community because they thought it was an inescapable requirement of the existence of the chemical elements of the biology of our planet in other parts of the universe to find life. Now we know that we should not look the same we have here and that living beings from other planets probably have a much more exotic biochemistry and interesting than we thought.
so far not found any living being that has replaced the most widely used element in life, carbon, by someone else. But in the next essay will analyze the dream of many people and something that was very fashionable, the possibility of extraterrestrial life based on silicon chemistry.

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shocking announcement for Thursday: extraterrestrial life?

quote the following story:

What hateful ads are ads! When are things which we intuit to be bombastic, of course. In that position we left NASA to announce that on Thursday announced "a discovery astrobiology that will impact the search for evidence of extraterrestrial life. " It does not say anything specific, but also says a lot.
never hurts to mention that astrobiology is the science that studies the origin, presence and influence of life in the universe, through astrophysics, biology and geology. Then, in the words of the call for the Space Agency to his press conference, one can not help wondering if they discovered any life on another planet.
addition, if a breakdown of the panel of experts will be present at the announcement, one can sense something else: It consists of a geobiologist who wrote about life on Mars an oceanographer who did the same with photosynthesis using arsenic, a biologist who studies the program's largest moon of Saturn ... If one goes along parts it gets quite interesting.
Anyway, I think so will be important and not the typical Apple Voladero lights. Although we could also get a bit more suspicious and believe that the U.S. would give the world a little pill to make people forget the scandal uncovered by Wikileaks few days ago ...
cachudos Were they? What do you think will tell us the day after NASA?

Link: NASA astrobiology sets news conference on Discovery (NASA via Slashgear)

Source: SlashGear (http://www.fayerwayer.com/2010/11/nasa-anuncia-que-anunciara-un-impactante-anuncio-el-jueves-% C2% BFvida-alien /) Let's see what happens

with this, we introduce the following tests on the possibility of extraterrestrial life, as it might evolve, if it could be based on other chemicals other than carbon, etc. Stay tuned!.

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"" Unit Type "or" conditions "?

In this essay we introduce an interesting debate that arose in the nineteenth century, with the participation of outstanding biologists. This debate started by the observation of the very specific present in the animal kingdom, some looked at the feet of many animals, the wings of many birds, each bone, each structure and hence there were two explanations for their origin:

• Existence Conditions: This position, defended mainly by Georges Cuvier, a great paleontologist but also a staunch creationist (position which holds that species have been independently created and not evolved from a common ancestor), said that different species have been created for various "conditions", that is why the wing of a penguin is used mostly for swimming, the wing of a hawk used to efficient flight, the leg of a horse used to run long distances, etc. In short, Cuvier was based mostly on differences structures between animals with a teleological view (based on function).
• Unit Type: This position was defended mainly by Étienne Geoffroy, which was supported by many evolutionists of the time (including Charles Darwin). They focused more on the similarities than differences. They noted, for example, that all vertebrate forelimbs have the same bone structure as follows:

A typical forelimb with estilópodo, and self-power zeugópodo

They observed that on this basis are built all the wings, legs and arms available as follows:

therefore concluded that there were no real conditions of existence, what existed was a "Unit Type", a common pattern which is built on different varieties depending on the ecological context of the animal. In addition, these varieties can be explained by natural selection, without having to resort to a supernatural agent to generate them.
Over time, the position lost Cuvier credibility and position and Darwin Geoffroy been gaining more weight, and that what they observed, after all, was how evolution generates specificity using always the same elements (which, as we have seen, occurs at the molecular level).

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If evolution is a fact, where are the intermediate fossils?

This is something that people often ask, the question assuming that there are no intermediate fossils. The truth is that it is not easy for an animal of the past fossilize, as they require special conditions, as well as some parts of this that can mineralize "forever", as the bones. Therefore, finding fossils of invertebrates is virtually impossible (unless they have shells or the like). However, paleontology has taught us that there are indeed fossils that allow us to observe the transition from one species into another, sometimes very clear, as in the case of whales. Let the great biologist Richard Dawkins explain us this:



Another fossil that allowed us to understand the transition between fish and tetrapods (four-legged land animals) was Tiktaalik roseae, a fish of the Devonian, dating back some 375 million years, which is described by the following Wikipedia way:
"Tiktaalik was primarily the characteristics of a fish, but with the tips forming skeletal structures similar to an arm, similar to those of crocodiles, including shoulder, elbow and wrist. He had the sharp teeth of a predator, and his neck was move independently of his body, it is not possible in other fish. The animal also had a flat skull and the crocodile; eyes on top of the head, suggesting that spend much time looking up, neck and ribs like those of tetrapods, which will serve to support the body and help you breathe through the lungs, a long snout able to hunt dams on earth, and one gill opening, in more advanced animals would become heard. Its discoverers felt that, in all likelihood, Tiktaalik flexed its proto-limbs in the main river bed and could have pushed himself to the shore for brief periods. These specimens reached a size of 1.2 to 2.75 meters. "
If you do not imagine it, Tiktaalik had the following appearance:

In this diagram we can understand how did the transition from water to land:

Such examples are many more. Paleontology offers a grain of sand in favor of the theory of evolution, slowly but surely, and probably even many spectacular fossils waiting to be discovered.

Sources on Tiktaalik:

• http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiktaalik
• http://www-news.uchicago.edu/releases/06/060405.tiktaalik.shtml

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Pax-6 and the appearance of the eyes

As we all know, the eyes are organs that allow us to detect light, which is absolutely essential for many organisms. However, in biology classes as we just explained how the human eye (assuming no others). The reality is that there are many different solutions to see (and if not expected, the human eye is not the best). Here are some types of eyes distributed in nature:

With so many eyes, some on camera and other compounds (such as fly's eyes), one might think that must have appeared so completely independent and that the genes' builders eyes "of a fly short of a mouse or an octopus. However, this is not true. Quite the contrary, there is a master builder of an eye, called Pax-6, a highly conserved homeotic gene (more We'll talk about homeotic genes).

Such is the level of conservation of this gene, if one takes a Pax-6 in a mouse or a squid and run it in a fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster ) that can not use its own gene, are generated fly's eyes! (Go back and read this again to size it!). Also, if one expresses this gene ectopically in the legs of a fly eye on its legs generate . The same goes for a frog, we ectopically generated lenses. This is because Pax-6, as several other genes are master keys, ie the first switch is switched on it says "build an eye here." Thus, under his command are all eye specific genes of each species. It must be said that this gene is present with great conservation in mammals, amphibians, amphioxus (a cousin of vertebrates), sea urchins, squid, worms, etc.
What explains this? Drawing on the theory of evolution is very simple to explain and predict: The common descent. A very distant common ancestor this gene had worked so well that simply was distributed around as that the species diverged from each other. But what is known ancestor was? The answer is yes, is the ancestor Urbilateria, an animal that gave rise to two major groups, the protostomes (worms, mollusks and spiders, among others) and deuterostomes (sea urchins, starfish, vertebrates and of course us)

Urbilateria The ancestor is in the second paragraph of this phylogenetic tree marking

This not only happens with the eyes, about many structures that at first glance look totally different, but that when we reduce it to genes, we began to speak a common language. That language is the evolution.

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Ernst Haeckel and the "Stage phylotypes"

As promised and after a long absence (I was at a conference of Developmental Biology in Santa Cruz, Chile), today talk of Ernst Haeckel, a German biologist who made a remarkable observation. He observed that no matter what kind you are, the early embryos are all more or less the same! I leave a drawing by the famous, try not to read the names below and see the first row of embryos, guess which species corresponds to each, if you go down each column represents time in development:

The answer is as follows, from left to right: Fish, salamanders, turtles, chicken, pork, veal, rabbit and of course, a human being (again we realize that we are not as exclusive.) This is what Haeckel postulated as the "recapitulation theory" claiming that "ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny," but what does that mean?, We must define the terms:

• Ontogeny: This is the development of an organism , since it is an egg until it becomes an adult, is the definition of "philosophical" in the subject matter of developmental biology
Phylogeny
• This is a more familiar term that describes the evolutionary relationships between species in this planet.

So what Haeckel wanted to say very elegant, is that the development of an organism may be a reflection of their evolutionary history in a more or less linear (that is currently not accepted in their literal form, not is that the development go through fish, reptiles, mammals, etc ...). Therefore, the more closely related are two species, but its development is similar. On the other hand, the early stages of development of animals of a given group are all basically the same due to the phenomenon of common descent. That is why if one observed in early embryos of vertebrates formalin bottles are not labeled, believe me it will cost a world guess what the human and what is the rabbit or dog.
is this stage of development where all the animals of an edge we are equal, which was called "Stage phylotypes. Recall that we belong to the edge of the chordates, so when we are embryos, we have nothing to envy to the whales, dogs, tigers and turtles.

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How does developmental biology to genetics and evolution?

We first define each concept, then we will try to understand how they hold hands:

• Developmental Biology: This branch of biology, formerly known as the "Embryology" looks like an egg grows into a chicken, or as an acorn grows into an oak. A remarkable fact about this is that these complex processes are orchestrated by the genes!.
• Genetics: This branch is responsible for understanding the biological heritage. The good news is that since Mendel, progress has been made, to the point of being able to understand how genes act at the molecular level.
• Evolution: As we have seen, evolutionary biology is responsible for understanding the relationships between different animals on the planet, common descent and changes experienced by living beings in time.

Now, the union of these 3 concepts is quite apparent, if the development is genetically regulated and if the animals are descended from a common ancestor means that we share many genes in common, so we share common development patterns!. From another point of view, we have an approach to the evolution of animals by observing their development, which many biologists like Ernst Haeckel, as noted and which speak in the next trial.
For now, let's stay with the image of genes that occupy the animals to become what we are all more or less the same, there is a great conservation due to evolution, something that is very simple graphics and clear in the following video:

What are these genes, how the mechanisms of development work? What is the origin of all this?. These and other questions will be addressed during this entire blog. Welcome to a new paradigm of biology, the "Evo-Devo (Evolutionary Developmental Biology), a new way of understanding evolution.

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samurai crabs and artificial selection

I take the liberty of quoting some of pages from the great book "Cosmos" (1980) by Carl Sagan (pages 24, 25 and 26 of the Castilian edition of Metro in 1997, copied from http://www.bauleros. org / elcangrejoheikecarlsagan.html) no one could describe it better than the great popularizer of science:

"Let me tell you a story about a little phrase in the music of life on Earth. In 1185 the emperor of Japan was a boy aged seven called Antoku. was the nominal head of a samurai clan called Heike, who were engaged in a long and bloody war with another samurai clan, the Genji. Each clan claimed to possess superior ancestral rights to the throne. The decisive naval encounter with Emperor on board, occurred in Danno-ura in the Inland Sea of \u200b\u200bJapan on April 24, 1185. The Heike were outnumbered and tactics. Many were killed by the enemy. Survivors were launched in large numbers to the sea and drowned. The Lady Nii, grandmother of the emperor, decided that neither she nor Antoku had to fall into enemy hands. The Story of the Heike account of what happened next:

The emperor had met him seven years old but looked much older. It was so beautiful it seemed to cast a bright glow and long black hair hung loose down her back. With a look of surprise and anxiety in his face he asked the Lady Nii:

- Where will you take?

She looked at the young ruler as the tears rolled down her cheeks y. .. comforted him, tying his long hair in his dove-colored dress. Blinded by sovereign child tears gathered his beautiful hands. First got to say goodbye to the East side of the god of Ise and then face west to repeat the Nembutsu [a prayer to the Amida Buddha]. The Lady Nii took him tightly in his arms and as he said "in the deep ocean is our capitol," he finally sank beneath the waves. Heike
entire fleet was destroyed. Only forty-three women survived. These ladies of honor of the imperial court were forced to sell flowers and other favors to the fishermen near the scene of the battle. The Heike disappeared almost completely from history. But a group formed by the old mob of bridesmaids and their offspring among fishermen founded a festival to commemorate the battle. To this day is celebrated on 24 April each year.
Fishermen Heike descendants of hemp wear black headdress and march to the Akama shrine which contains the mausoleum of Emperor drowned. They attend a representation of events following the battle of Danno-ura. For centuries, people imagined he could distinguish ghostly samurai armies vainly striving to shorten the sea to wash the blood and remove his humiliation.
The fishermen say the Heike samurai wander still funds the Inland Sea, in the form of crabs. Can be found in this sea crabs Weird signs on their backs, and identifications that forms a striking resemblance to the face of a samurai. When fishing a crab of these is not eaten but is returned to the sea to commemorate the sad events of Danno-ura.
This process raises a lovely problem. How is that a warrior's face is engraved on the shell of a crab? The answer seems to be that it was men who made the face. The shadows in the shells of crabs are inherited. But among crabs, as among individuals, there are many different hereditary lines. Suppose that among the distant ancestors of this crab emerged one with a form that appears, even slightly, to a face human. Even before the battle of Danno-ura fishermen may have felt qualms about eating a crab as well. To return to the sea set in motion an evolutionary process: If you're a crab and your carapace is ordinary, men will eat you. You will leave few offspring lineage. If your shell is a bit like a face, I throw them back into the sea. You can leave more offspring. The crabs were of considerable value invested in the forms recorded in their shells. As the generations passed, both crabs and fishermen, the crabs whose shapes were more like a samurai face survived perfectly, until finally it got not only a human face not just a Japanese face, but the face of a fierce and angry samurai. All this has nothing to do with what the crabs want. Selection is imposed from the outside. The more one looks like a samurai better your chances of survival. At the end you get an abundance of crabs samurai.

A crab Heike the Inland Sea of \u200b\u200bJapan.

This process is called artificial selection. In the case of the Heike crab, made it more or less conscious fishermen, and of course without the crabs were meant seriously. But men have deliberately chosen over thousands of years, plants and animals that have to live and who deserve to die. From our childhood we are around animals, fruits, vegetables, trees and family, cultivated and domesticated. Where from? Did they live freely before the wild and then induced them to follow a less harsh way of life in the field? No, the reality is very different. Most of them we did. "

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Really man descended from apes?

Although this is a very common question, the truth is that the word" monkey "is not a scientifically valid term, it has a" solid taxonomic, and may encompass different animals depending on who issued that category.
Let the assumption that, saying "monkey" we refer to the order of primates. If so, it's not descend from monkeys, but they are cute!. I know it sounds incredible, so check the location of us (Homo sapiens) in the scientific classification:

• Kingdom: Animalia (animals are the first thing to stress)
• Phylum: Chordata (when we embryos have a dorsal cord, which in our case will give rise to our spine, like dogs, whales and birds)
• Class: Mammalia (We are mammals, like bears and lions)
• Order: Primates (we are primates, like chimpanzees, gorillas and bonobos!)
• Family: Hominidae (hominoid primates we are, "tailless monkeys" , like chimpanzees and orangutans [sounds creepy no?])
• Gender: Homo (now we can breathe easy, chimpanzees do not belong to this genus)
• Species: Homo sapiens (You, dear reader, belongs to this species, like all of us)

therefore say that man descended from the ape "is misleading, as it leads to think that descend today's apes (chimpanzees, gorillas, etc). That is absolutely false. What actually happens is that we (humans) share a "common ancestor" with the great apes. That means that, for us and chimpanzees, there was an animal that lived about 6 million years, which gave rise to 2 branches (these "old monkeys" diverged). One of which caused us to us. Therefore, the chimpanzees, but our "grandparents" are our "cousins." Are the animals you have more in common on this planet (98 or 99% of genetic similarity !!!). In this way, evolution does not work as a "ladder", but as a "tree" where the tips of the branches are modern animals (as we walk the tree "up", time has passed and where the branches are divided, is plotted the divergence of species). This is known as "phylogenetic tree", a very simplified version of this for our case is shown below:

Therefore, practically if descended from "monkeys", but today's apes !, but monkeys and ceased to exist, and that gave rise to the diversity of great apes of today. So when you go to a zoo to see a chimp, do not look at least as we have much more in common than we might think.

PS: I leave you a video of Richard Dawkins, where it explains in clear and simple.

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"Biological evolution is just a theory or a fact?

What if we ask someone on the street that is biological evolution?, We probably would more or less similar responses, some could be:

• Biological evolution is just a theory that monkey come
• is a process that improves the animals, humans reaching
is
• as a theory that life began

The truth is that neither is correct, and if not expected, it happens that a theory and a fact at the same time! But how can this be?: In everyday life, the word theory means something like a guess, an idea about something not totally proven, but if it were shown, would cause a huge stir, as "theories" conspiracy Salfate .
Unfortunately, in science, the word "theory" means something radically different. In this, a theory is the highest degree of knowledge we can get on something (not forever, it can be replaced by another or simply refuted) is a mental construct that even allows to make predictions about the events studied under certain conditions, also should propose mechanisms to explain the "how" of the events studied. On the other hand, an act is simply an assertion, which would deny most chilling (Newton noted that apples fell, "denying it would be weird?). So, back to evolution, the truth is that it is a fact, a fact mainly studied by the branch of biology called "population genetics", but now the developmental biology has made great surprises (we'll discuss this another time .) Thus, biological evolution is:

"The variation in the frequencies of alleles (genes) in a population of individuals over generations"

Simply put, the fact of evolution is the change in the sampling of genes from a population of animals as they pass time, in fact, the term "allele frequency" or "allele frequency" is a term measurable mathematically models (long ago).
As mentioned above, a theory is the construct that explains the "how" of the facts, mechanisms and even make predictions. So, here is the "theory of evolution", which was originally postulated by Darwin (Actually next to Wallace), but since his nomination, has been enriched with all the new knowledge we have about genetics, molecular biology, embryology, etc. Forming a body of knowledge with great strength.
So what way the theory explains the "how" the fact of evolution?. To do this, proposed mechanisms, some proposed by Darwin and others more modern, some of which are:

• Natural Selection Artificial selection (not applicable in nature, but to understand the origin of domestic animals)
Sexual Selection
• Genetic Drift Genetic Recombination
• Genetic Drift
• Horizontal Gene Transfer
• etc.

As you can see, since humans understood how genes work and the laws that govern inheritance (Darwin was not privileged), it was much easier to understand the evolution, as well as to integrate it into a major intellectual synthesis.
addition to this arsenal of mechanisms, many of which have been consistently confirmed in the laboratory, the theory can make predictions (also verifiable), such that it should look like an extinct animal, or what kind of fossils we should look at certain depths land (for this kind of predictions, biology takes her hand with geology).
As a final remark, note that the fact of evolution is never not try to explain how life originated on this planet (the theory does not cover this topic.) This is another fascinating subject, of which more later insurance.

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Welcome!

Welcome to my blog, discuss topics ranging from how genes can control the development of an organism, what is it and how biological evolution works, to issues of social interest, such as beliefs and vision world that everyone has. Analyzing them from different points of view. I hope
this is a contribution and I hope you enjoy reading this as much as I enjoy writing. hopefully a contribution to Chile and the world a hug! Rulo

...

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Dear Mr. Gould:

Yesterday in the elevator of the metro, I almost closed the door in his face, because I read your book "Hen's Teeth and Horse's Toes" (which I like even more that "The Panda's Thumb"). Well, a nice gentleman, holding the door I said, "You've been here for best friend, who never leaves you, and you always taught"

I doubt that my companion had such a good view elevator to read your name on the cover , so I gather he was referring to the book, all books, and could not agree more with him.

But besides that, its truth could also have referred to you, Stephen, because they spend years and over and over again I'm finding you ... I was eleven years old the first time my mother gave me a book of yours, and did not understand about half of the words and reasoning, but there was something I did I could not stop reading. Some years later, I did some work for school about the missing animals on wheels, and I was devouring one by one all your books. It is true that the teens I admired the spectacle of Richard, the proximity of Konrad, the teaching of Lynn ... It is true that I began to realize that you were in some things (sorry, Stephen, but it's true) a little obsoletillo, or directly wrong, but always, no how, just coming back to you, at the root of my ideas, the foundation My thought, as an adult and as a scientist.

Evolution-I, "and then rationally understood what I was in love with you, the merit of your work in essence, the ideas behind the words ... And I turned to you and your books, and your tests, looking far from a new perspective.

And, the commentary a lift, finally, can also refer to critical thinking that you taught me to use. A skeptic it is at all times, and subject to rational analysis on the world around us is also a constant learning, and here lies the main difference with religious dogmas. People always deserve respect, the ideas can (and should) be dissected with impunity using this instrument.

Anyway, it sounds a bit stale, thanks Stephen for your legacy, and thanks for making me anonymous friend reflections Groundwater)

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